chapter_1.py 5.4 KB

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  1. from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
  2. import numpy as np
  3. import scipy.stats as stats
  4. import pymc as pm
  5. from IPython.core.pylabtools import figsize
  6. from bayes_book.common import *
  7. # https://github.com/CamDavidsonPilon/Probabilistic-Programming-and-Bayesian-Methods-for-Hackers
  8. plt_init()
  9. # 先验概率、后验概率 概念直方图
  10. def code_1():
  11. figsize(12.5, 4)
  12. colors = ['#348ABD', '#A60628']
  13. prior = [1/21., 20/21.] # 先验概率,男性是图书管理员或农民的概率是 1:20
  14. posterior = [0.087, 1-0.087] # 后验概率,P(A|X) = P(X|A)P(A)/P(X),计算原理如下
  15. # P(X|A),即A为真时特征X符合的概率,假设为0.95
  16. # P(X) = P(X|A)P(A) + P(X|~A)P(~A) = 0.95 * 1/21 + 0.5 * 20/21 = 0.52,其中0.5为假设A为假时的特征概率
  17. # P(A|X) = 0.95 * 1/21 / 0.52 = 0.087
  18. plt.bar([0, .7], prior, label='先验概率', width=0.25, color=colors[0], alpha=0.7, lw=3, edgecolor=colors[0])
  19. plt.bar([0+0.25, .7+0.25], posterior, label='后验概率', width=0.25, color=colors[1], alpha=0.7, lw=3, edgecolor=colors[1])
  20. plt.xticks([0.20, 0.95], ['图书管理员', '农民'])
  21. plt.ylabel('概率')
  22. plt.title('Steve 的职业的先验概率及后验概率')
  23. plt.legend()
  24. plt.show()
  25. # 离散变量概率 - 质量函数(假设符合泊松分布) 概念直方图
  26. def code_2():
  27. figsize(12.5, 4)
  28. colors = ['#348ABD', '#A60628']
  29. lambda_ = [1.5, 4.25] # 泊松分布强度。离散概率分布质量函数,即值为k时的概率,P(Z=k) = λ exp k * e exp -λ / k!,k=0,1,2,...
  30. k = np.arange(16) # 离散变量
  31. poi = stats.poisson # 泊松分布
  32. plt.bar(k, poi.pmf(k, lambda_[0]), label='$\lambda = %.1f$' % lambda_[0], color=colors[0], alpha=0.6, lw=3, edgecolor=colors[0])
  33. plt.bar(k, poi.pmf(k, lambda_[1]), label='$\lambda = %.1f$' % lambda_[1], color=colors[1], alpha=0.6, lw=3, edgecolor=colors[1])
  34. plt.xticks(k+0.4, k)
  35. plt.xlabel('$k$')
  36. plt.ylabel('取值为 $k$ 的概率')
  37. plt.title('不同 $\lambda$ 强度情况下泊松分布随机变量的概率质量函数')
  38. plt.legend()
  39. plt.show()
  40. # 连续变量概率 - 密度函数(假设指数密度分布) 概念折线图
  41. def code_3():
  42. figsize(12.5, 4)
  43. colors = ['#348ABD', '#A60628']
  44. lambda_ = [0.5, 1] # 随机变量期望。连续概率密度函数,fz(z|λ) = λ e exp -λz,z>=0
  45. z = np.linspace(0, 4, 100) # 连续线性空间
  46. expo = stats.expon # 指数密度
  47. for l, c in zip(lambda_, colors):
  48. plt.plot(z, expo.pdf(z, scale=1./l), label='$\lambda = %.1f$' % l, color=c, lw=3)
  49. plt.fill_between(z, expo.pdf(z, scale=1./l), color=c, alpha=.33)
  50. plt.xlim(0, 4)
  51. plt.ylim(0, 1.2)
  52. plt.xlabel('$z$')
  53. plt.ylabel('取值为 $z$ 的概率密度函数结果')
  54. plt.title('不同 $\lambda$ 取值情况下指数分布随机变量的概率密度函数')
  55. plt.legend()
  56. plt.show()
  57. # 短信数据行为推断 - 原始值呈现
  58. def code_4():
  59. figsize(12.5, 4)
  60. colors = ['#348ABD', '#A60628']
  61. count_data = np.loadtxt("bayes/data/txtdata.csv")
  62. n_count_data = len(count_data)
  63. plt.bar(np.arange(n_count_data), count_data, color=colors[0])
  64. plt.xlim(0, n_count_data);
  65. plt.xlabel("时间(天)")
  66. plt.ylabel("短信接收数量")
  67. plt.title("用户的短信使用行为是否随着时间发生变化?")
  68. plt.legend()
  69. plt.show()
  70. # 短信数据行为推断 - pyMC
  71. def code_5():
  72. figsize(12.5, 10)
  73. colors = ['#A60628', '#7A68A6', '#467821']
  74. count_data = np.loadtxt("bayes/data/txtdata.csv")
  75. n_count_data = len(count_data)
  76. alpha = 1.0 / count_data.mean()
  77. lambda_1 = pm.Exponential('lambda_1', alpha)
  78. lambda_2 = pm.Exponential('lambda_2', alpha)
  79. tau = pm.DiscreteUniform('tau', lower=0, upper=n_count_data)
  80. @pm.deterministic
  81. def lambda_(tau=tau, lambda_1=lambda_1, lambda_2=lambda_2):
  82. out = np.zeros(n_count_data)
  83. out[:tau] = lambda_1
  84. out[tau:] = lambda_2
  85. return out
  86. observation = pm.Poisson('obs', lambda_, value=count_data, observed=True)
  87. model = pm.Model([observation, lambda_1, lambda_2, tau])
  88. mcmc = pm.MCMC(model)
  89. mcmc.sample(40000, 10000, 1)
  90. lambda_1_samples = mcmc.trace('lambda_1')[:]
  91. lambda_2_samples = mcmc.trace('lambda_2')[:]
  92. tau_samples = mcmc.trace('tau')[:]
  93. # 绘图部分
  94. ax = plt.subplot(311)
  95. ax.set_autoscaley_on(False)
  96. plt.title("参数 $\lambda_1$、$\lambda_2$、$\tau$ 的后验分布")
  97. plt.hist(lambda_1_samples, histtype='stepfilled', bins=30, alpha=0.85, label="$\lambda_1$ 的后验", color=colors[0], normed=True)
  98. plt.legend(loc="upper left")
  99. plt.xlim([15, 30])
  100. plt.xlabel("$\lambda_1$")
  101. plt.ylabel("密度")
  102. ax = plt.subplot(312)
  103. ax.set_autoscaley_on(False)
  104. plt.hist(lambda_2_samples, histtype='stepfilled', bins=30, alpha=0.85, label="$\lambda_2$ 的后验", color=colors[1], normed=True)
  105. plt.legend(loc="upper left")
  106. plt.xlim([15, 30])
  107. plt.xlabel("$\lambda_2$")
  108. plt.ylabel("密度")
  109. plt.subplot(313)
  110. w = 1.0 / tau_samples.shape[0] * np.ones_like(tau_samples)
  111. plt.hist(tau_samples, bins=n_count_data, alpha=1, label=r"$\tau$ 的后验", color=colors[2], weights=w, rwidth=2.)
  112. plt.legend(loc="upper left")
  113. plt.xticks(np.arange(n_count_data))
  114. plt.xlim([35, len(count_data)-20])
  115. plt.ylim([0, .75])
  116. plt.xlabel(r"$\tau$ (天)")
  117. plt.ylabel("概率")
  118. plt.show()